Get Started in Robotics

In the present section, I will describe the steps that are required to build a robot from scratch. This method is the cheapest one (at least long term - because the start up costs are not to neglect). Building your own robot allows you to customized your design to the task at hand. This method is obviously more time consuming and requires (and exercises) a lot of patience!

In the following text, I will try to describe techniques that will reduce the costs of your projects (building your own programmer, using public domain programming tools and environments including interpreters and compilers).

There are three areas to tackle when you build a robot:

• Mechanics
• Electronics
• Programming

In the present page, I will focus mostly on what I know best, i.e. the programming aspects. I will also try to cover the basics of electronics, at least enough to get started.

First Control Board

For those of you who are starting in this field, I recommend testing your circuits for the first time on prototype breadboards (see Figure). It is possible to find such breadboard in an electronics component store. The use of breadboards allows you to design a circuit quickly since you don't have to go through the pains of soldering. Some builders even integrate their breadboard directly on their robot!

Once the circuit and tested, it is possible to implement it on a circuit board. You can use generic circuit boards such as the one shown on the Figure below or you can build your own PCB. Then, you solder the components and wires on the circuit board.

It is also possible to design its own electronic circuit schematics with a CAD program and send the resulting file to a board manufacturer to get it done. The following image shows the IGORE board created by Aaron Ramsey with the EAGLE software and manufactured by Olimex.

IGORE Board

You require the following things in order to build your first control board:

• Hardware required to build the first board (prototype board and/or circuit boards, soldering kit if required, voltmeter, wires, microcontroller, crystal, capacitors, resistors, buttons, switches, LEDs, etc.)
• A flash programmer
• A PC
• Software to control the flash programmer
• Programming tools (compiler and/or assembler, or an interpreter)

In addition, if you are using a compiler and/or an assembler, you might want to flash a bootloader on your microcontroller in order to allow the ability to download programs over the serial port (see details below).

I recommend the PIC16F877. It has a good number of I/O pins, can run at 20 MHz, uses a 8 Kb flash memory, has two PWM channels and supports a host of interfaces (RS232, I2C, SPI, etc.) and it is cheap! Other popular microcontrollers are the Atmel AVR, the 8051 and the Motorolla HC11/12.

Robocon-2008!

Every year, at the Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT) in Pune, teams from engineering colleges across the country converge here with their robots, to participate in Robocon India, a two-day competition. The team which wins here then represents India at the International Robocon (which was held in Pune, in the month of August this year).

Robocon India started on 8th of March and around 38 teams participated this year. Every year, the competition has a theme. The theme is based on a legend originating from the country where the International Robocon is scheduled to be held in that particular year. So last year, as the International Robocon was held in Vietnam, the theme was HALONG BAY DISCOVERY (Vietnam was the winner in this edition).

This time the International Robocon (ABU ROBOCON) being held in India, so obviously the theme this time was based on an Indian legend. It was called ‘Mission Govinda’. As the name suggests, the theme was based on Indian mythology related to Lord Krishna. Each team was supposed to make robots, which will help their robotic team to get low-density polystyrene (symbolising butter) from bowls, which the opponent robotic team tries to dodge. The team, which successfully gets `butter’ from all three pots hung at various places will win.

The semi-finalists were:

• Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi.

• Nirma Institute Of Technology, Ahmedabad.

• Maharashtra Institute Of Technology, Pune.

• Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune.

And the finalists were:

• Nirma Institute Of Technology, Ahmedabad.

• Maharashtra Institute Of Technology, Pune.

And the winner was: Nirma Institute Of Technology, Ahmedabad.

It was a great performance by NIT, Ahmedabad. The final score was 27-21 in favour of NIT!

It would have been better if MIT, Pune had won though. You know, just that satisfaction of a Puneri team having won would have been there. Heck, let’s hope for better luck next time.

Electrolux Trilobite

The Electrolux Trilobite is a domestic robot vacuum cleaner manufactured by the Swedish corporation Electrolux. It takes its name from the extinct arthropod, which scoured the ocean floor. The original prototype cleaner was first seen on the BBC television programme, "Tomorrow's World", in 1996; when it was demonstrated by presenter Philippa Forrester.

The Trilobite contains a vacuum cleaner and a removable roller brush capable of working on deep-pile carpet. It has the ability to map rooms and avoid obstacles by using ultrasonic sensors (on the Mark 2 model also infrared). It recharges itself on a charging base, which it automatically finds when has completed its cleaning task or its power runs low. The Trilobite will indicate when the dustbin needs to be emptied.

Its ultrasonic sensors allow it to come within 1" of objects without colliding with them. This makes the Trilobite appropriate for rooms containing delicate or valuable furniture. This object detection is fairly reliable, but sometimes fails if the robot approaches an object with a sharp corner. In this case, the ultrasonic beam is not reflected, and the Trilobite will gently bump into the object. Because the Trilobite stops a short distance from walls and other objects, it has been criticized for leaving small areas that are not fully cleaned.^{[attribution needed]}

Magnetic strips are used to block off areas that the Trilobite should not enter, and infrared sensors (on the Mark 2 model) protect it from falling down stairs or off ledges.